Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;40(1):52-7. Epub 2004 Dec 06. Related Articles, Links

Association of clinical signs and symptoms with pneumococcal acute otitis media by serotype--implications for vaccine effect.

Palmu AA, Jokinen JT, Kaijalainen T, Leinonen M, Karma P, Kilpi TM.

National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. arto.palmu@ktl.fi

BACKGROUND: Clinical symptoms and signs in acute otitis media (AOM) may differ depending on the various pneumococcal serotypes causing the disease. Alteration in clinical presentation of AOM could be expected after wide-scale pneumococcal vaccinations if there were considerable differences between vaccine serotypes and nonvaccine serotypes. METHODS: In this study, data from 831 children in the control arm of the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial were used. The children were followed up prospectively in 8 study clinics from 2 to 24 months of age. If AOM was diagnosed, myringotomy was done, and middle ear fluid was aspirated for bacterial culture. Clinical symptoms and signs of AOM were routinely recorded on structured case report forms. RESULTS: Consistent with previous studies, 60% of pneumococcal episodes were caused by vaccine serotypes. There were no major differences between the clinical presentations of AOM due to different serotypes or serotype categories. However, earache was more often associated with AOM caused by vaccine and cross-reactive serotypes, compared with AOM caused by non-vaccine-related serotypes (42% vs. 29%; odds ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.70). CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of the currently available pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is unlikely to result in a remarkable alteration in the clinical presentation of pneumococcal AOM in infants.

PMID: 15614692 [PubMed - in process]
 



http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/528710

Vaccination Is No Help Against Childhood Otitis Media

By David Douglas

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) Mar 28 - A combination of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccination does not help reduce the recurrence of otitis media with effusion (OME), Dutch researchers report in the March issue of Pediatrics. The condition, lead investigator Dr. Niels van Heerbeek told Reuters Health, "is very frequent during childhood and the costs of subsequent medical and surgical... treatments are huge."

Because Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common bacterial pathogens involved, Dr. van Heerbeek of Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegan, and colleagues sought to find out whether combined pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccination might be helpful. The investigators randomized 161 children with persistent bilateral OME who were being treated with tympanostomy tubes to receive or not receive a conjugate vaccine before tube insertion and a polysaccharide vaccine some 3 months later. There was a significant increase in antibody titers in vaccine recipients. However, as Dr. van Heerbeek pointed out "combined pneumococcal vaccination did not protect children prone to OME against recurrences." "Therefore," he concluded, "pneumococcal vaccines are not indicated in the management of children suffering from recurrent OME. A causative treatment for recurrent OME is therefore still desired."
Pediatrics 2006;117:603-608
 



http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ikSAE-746aflWJZc32diXfBsde9A


Vaccine Tied to 'Superbug' Ear Infection
By MARILYNN MARCHIONE – 14 hours ago

CHICAGO (AP) — A vaccine that has dramatically curbed pneumonia and other serious illnesses in children is also having an unfortunate effect: promoting new superbugs that cause ear infections. On Monday, doctors reported discovering the first such germ that is resistant to all drugs approved to treat childhood ear infections. Nine toddlers in Rochester, N.Y., have had the bug and researchers say it may be turning up elsewhere, too. It is a strain of strep bacteria not included in the pneumococcal vaccine, Wyeth's Prevnar, which came on the market in 2000. It is recommended for children under age 2.

Doctors say parents should continue to have their toddlers get the shots because the vaccine prevents serious illness and even saves lives. But the new resistant strep is a worry. "The best way to prevent these resistant infections from spreading is to be careful about how we use antibiotics," said Dr. Cynthia 
Whitney, chief of respiratory diseases at the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Avoiding antibiotics when they are not needed is the best way to ensure they will work when they are, she said. Prevnar prevents seven strains responsible for most cases of  pneumonia, meningitis and deadly bloodstream infections. But dozens more strep strains exist, and some have flourished and become  impervious to antibiotics since the vaccine combats the more common  strains.

If the new strains continue to spread, "it tells us the vaccine is becoming less effective" and needs to be revised, said Dr. Dennis Maki, infectious diseases chief at the University of Wisconsin- Madison Hospitals and Clinics. Wyeth anticipated this and is testing a second-generation vaccine. But it is at least two years from reaching the market, and the new strains could become a public health problem in the meantime if they  spread hard-to-treat infections through day care centers and schools.

"I don't think the new strains are moving fast enough to call it a race, but the fact is that certain strains are increasing," said  Peter Paradiso, a scientist at Wyeth Vaccines, the Collegeville, Pa., division that makes Prevnar. "It is very worrying," said Dr. Keith Klugman, an infectious diseases  specialist at Emory University. "With the eradication of all the other types in the vaccine, this one is emerging." Several research teams reported on the situation Monday at  microbiologists meeting.

A different pneumonia vaccine has long been available for adults but  it doesn't work in children, so Prevnar was hailed as a breakthrough.  It is used in dozens of countries and had sales of more than $1.5 billion last year. In the United States, it is given as four shots  between 2 months and 15 months.

Before the vaccine, many babies and toddlers developed pneumonia, meningitis and serious blood infections that led to hearing loss, drain damage and even death. Drug-resistant ear infections also were a problem. "Prevnar has done a remarkable job. Over the last seven years, it's prevented thousands and thousands of infections," not just in vaccinated kids but also in unvaccinated family members, said the CDC's Whitney.

But it is a unique vaccine because it covers only seven of the 90-odd strains of the germ. By contrast, measles is caused by one type of  virus. Booster shots are needed for chickenpox, mumps and measles because immunity wanes, not because the germ changed. Prevnar, however, is losing its punch because strains not covered by the vaccine are filling the biological niche that the vaccine strains  used to occupy, and they are causing disease.

One strain in particular, called 19A, is big trouble. A new subtype of it caused ear infections in the nine Rochester children, ages 6 months to 18 months, that were resistant to all pediatric  medications, said Dr. Michael Pichichero, a microbiologist at the University of Rochester Medical Center. The children had been unsuccessfully treated with two or more antibiotics, including high-dose amoxicillin and multiple shots of another drug. Many needed surgery to place ear tubes to drain the infection, and some recovered only after treatment with a newer, powerful antibiotic whose safety in children has not been established.

Pichichero refused further comment because he has submitted a report to a medical journal. His work was paid for by antibiotic maker  Abbott Laboratories and the Thrasher Foundation, which funds projects related to child health. All 19A strep subtypes tend to be resistant to some drugs and have been growing in prevalence:

_Scientists from a drug company and two labs analyzed more than 21,000 bacterial samples from around the nation and found 19A increasing. Among children 2 and under, the portion of samples that were this strain rose to 15 percent in 2005-2006, from 4 percent in  the previous three years.

_A British lab tracking respiratory infections in U.S. kids found that the 19A strain accounted for 40 percent of drug-resistant cases. University of Iowa researchers found 19A accounted for 35 percent of penicillin-resistant infections in 2004-05, compared with less than 2 percent the year before the new vaccine came out.

Because these bacteria easily swap gene components to become even more hardy, "new types may emerge that can both escape containment by  vaccine and spread throughout the world," Dr. Daniel Musher of Baylor College of Medicine wrote in the New England Journal of Medicine last  year. Some think Prevnar might be destined to be like flu shots that must be periodically updated to reflect new strains causing illness. But each tweak requires new safety studies and more expense.

Wyeth expects to finish testing its updated vaccine next year and to  seek federal approval in early 2009. Review can take a year or more,  Paradiso said.
British-based GlaxoSmithKline has a similar vaccine in final-phase testing that targets 10 strains common in Europe and other regions.