Saturday, February 3, 2007
'Autistic diet' getting a closer look
Wheat-, dairy-free plan proving successful for some
By CHERIE BLACK
P-I REPORTER
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/302360_olympichouse03.html
When he was 3 years old, Matthew Sebastian was diagnosed with autism.
Four years later, he began having seizures, which are much more common in autistic children than in the broader population. Doctors told his parents that by the time their son reached puberty, his seizures would get worse and he would have to wear a helmet to protect his head.
High doses of two prescription anti-seizure medications controlled the attacks, but the effects of his autism still kept the small boy in constant motion. He slept poorly and displayed multiple violent daily outbursts, which eventually made him too dangerous to himself and his family to live at home.
Sebastian moved from Federal Way to a home in Seattle, which cared for autistic children in a residential setting. It was there, at the age of 10, that he received what his mother calls the treatment that saved her son's life.
Dubbed by some as the "autism diet," it is a gluten- and casein-free way of eating, often used by people diagnosed with the digestive disorder celiac disease. Gluten products such as wheat, rye and barley are eliminated, as are dairy products, which contain the protein casein.
For eight weeks, Sebastian was weaned off of his anti-seizure medication and placed on the diet. Now 20, he has been seizure-free and drug-free for the past 10 years. His violent behavior stopped.
"Matthew is the complete opposite of what he was before," said his mother Janet Sebastian. "That's why the diet works. His behaviors decreased dramatically over the years and now he's positive and happy."
Why the diet seems to work isn't completely understood. One theory involves the "leaky gut syndrome," in which the autistic child's body isn't able to process proteins found in wheat and dairy products, said Gary Stobbe, medical director of Seattle's Autism Spectrum Treatment and Research Center, a non-profit organization that diagnoses, treats and manages people with autism. The undigested chunks of protein get into the bloodstream and affect the brain. Another theory is the body's immune system is reacting to the proteins in the body.
"Nothing is determined for certain, and there is no set approach with the diet," he said. "In my practice, it is something we encourage in younger kids or if we see a kid not making progress with more conventional therapies."
Stobbe said for some children, especially the more severe autism cases and those with physical complaints, the diet works well. They are calmer, have better attention spans and have less severe behavioral disturbances. Still no one knows whether this will work in the long term. So far, only anecdotal evidence from parents is available. One study under way at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York looks at the effects of the diet in autistic children between the ages of 2 1/2 and 4 1/2. Sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, it began in 2004 and should be completed in 2008.
Dr. Geraldine Dawson, director of the University of Washington's Autism Center, is waiting for data from more studies before she'll recommend the diet to her patients, but tells parents who have decided to try it to make sure a nutritionist is involved. She said about half the children seen at the center are on the diet, which has worked for some, and not others. "While we wait to find out more, parents should watch their children," she said. "You end up restricting what they're eating and some children are suffering nutritionally."
But Sebastian and his family have no doubts. Sebastian now lives at Olympic House, opened in June in North Seattle for those with autism or celiac disease who are on the diet. The house is a part of Alpha Supported Living Services in Seattle, which has 16 homes for disabled adults. Sebastian was joined by Jacob Al-Hakim, 24, who is also autistic and has celiac disease. Since being put on the diet, his mother, Cheryl Gere, said he is calm and making eye contact with people. Although he doesn't talk much, if at all, he interacts with people and is more aware, she said.
"Simply what they're eating could change their lives," she said.
A nutritionist helped create a rotating meal plan involving a main dish of pork, chicken, beef or fish accompanied by rice, fruit and vegetables. The main dishes are served for both lunch and dinner and changed each day. A rotating staff of at least two people is at the house 24 hours a day and has been trained on what and how to prepare the limited diet.
Gere buys groceries for the house once a week at Central Market in Shoreline and spends about $150 to $200, using money both men receive from the state and their part-time jobs that is allocated for food. At the grocery store, she can't buy citrus, apples, potatoes, avocados, peppers or tomatoes. She stocks up on rice and rice cakes, yams, bananas and meat. They need special deodorant and shampoo. The tiniest cheat on the diet can cause behavioral problems.
"At one point on his medication, he never left the floor of his room; he was almost comatose," she said of her son. "He sings with us now. He's awake."
Sebastian and Al-Hakim's families say the diet brought back to them sons they thought were lost to the behavioral effects of autism. Sebastian, never without his dog, Holly, is a gold medalist in the Special Olympics and works part-time at a toy store. Al-Hakim recently ice skated for the first time.
"When he was born I wondered what he would become," Janet Sebastian said. "Look at him now."
ABOUT AUTISM
Autism, and the broader category of Autism Spectrum Disorders, is a lifelong neuro-developmental disorder initially affecting people in the first few years of life. Autism is defined by significant impairments in social interaction and communication and the presence of unusual behaviors and/or restricted interests. Autism occurs in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups and is four times more likely to occur in boys than girls.
Source: Autism Spectrum Treatment and Research Center
P-I reporter Cherie Black can be reached at 206-448-8180 or cherieblack@seattlepi.com.
COELIAC DISEASE: Is it a cause of schizophrenia?
It's amazing the number of cases of 'mental illness' that have a nutritional basis. The latest example of this to catch our eye is the likelihood that coeliac disease, an allergic reaction to gluten, can cause schizophrenia. Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore followed up earlier studies that found that a cereal-free diet helped remission levels among schizophrenic patients.
They tested the theory on a group of 7,997 patients who were admitted to a Danish psychiatric unit for schizophrenia. Even before beginning their tests, they found that four patients, five mothers of patients and three fathers of patients were already being treated for coeliac disease. They also tested for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which have been linked to schizophrenia.
They discovered that those suffering from coeliac disease were over three times more likely to suffer schizophrenia than someone who didn't have the disease, while the risk associated with Crohn's is lower at 1.4 times, and lower still for ulcerative colitis.
(Source: British Medical Journal, 2004; 328: 438-9).
http://my.webmd.com/content/article/86/99060.htm?lastselectedguid=%7B5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348%7D
Autism Linked With Immune System
Children With Autism Have More Digestive, Food Allergies
By Jeanie Lerche Davis
WebMD Medical News Reviewed By Brunilda Nazario, MD
on Monday, May 03, 2004
May 3, 2004 -- Autism may be linked with immune system abnormalities. Researchers have uncovered a pattern of allergies among children with autism, especially food and digestive allergies.
Lead researcher Thomas Webb, MD, with Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, presented his report this week at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting in San Francisco. Autism is a complex disability that interferes with a person's ability to interact with others. Signs of autism are usually evident by age 3. Doctors have long believed that autism is caused by irregularities in brain function that affect the development of communication and social skills.
In his study, Webb analyzed Census Bureau data from 1997 to 2001 for about 55,000 households, identifying 152 children with autism. He found that children with autism were almost three times more likely to have a reported history of a digestive or food allergy than other, healthy children. They also had slightly more respiratory and skin allergies, but they were less likely to have a reported history of asthma.
Among children in the general population, asthma rates are higher than digestive and food allergies, Webb notes. Some research has shown that among children with autism, the immune cell receptors seem to be different, he writes. These receptors respond to allergy triggers, like pollen or certain food chemicals. The findings warrant further research of this link between autism and allergic diseases, he writes.
http://www.pharmacytimes.com/newsfeed.cfm?id=15253
Range of Neurologic Disorders in Patients With Celiac Disease
Source: Pediatrics
ABSTRACT. Objective. During the past 2 decades, celiac disease (CD) has been recognized as a multisystem autoimmune disorder. A growing body of distinct neurologic conditions such as cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, myoclonic ataxia, chronic neuropathies, and dementia have been reported, mainly in middle-aged adults. There still are insufficient data on the association of CD with various neurologic disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults, including more common and "soft" neurologic conditions, such as headache, learning disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and tic disorders. The aim of the present study is to look for a broader spectrum of neurologic disorders in CD patients, most of them children or young adults.
Methods. Patients with CD were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the presence of neurologic disorders or symptoms. Their medical charts were reviewed, and those who were reported as having neurologic manifestations underwent neurologic examination and brain imaging or electroencephalogram if required. Their neurologic data were compared with that of a control group matched for age and gender.
Results. Patients with CD were more prone to develop neurologic disorders (51.4%) in comparison with control subjects (19.9%). These disorders include hypotonia, developmental delay, learning disorders and ADHD, headache, and cerebellar ataxia. Epileptic disorders were only marginally more common in CD. In contrast, no difference was found in the prevalence of tic disorders in both groups. Therapeutic benefit, with gluten-free diet, was demonstrated only in patients with transient infantile hypotonia and migraine headache.
Conclusion. This study suggests that the variability of neurologic disorders that occur in CD is broader than previously reported and includes "softer" and more common neurologic disorders, such as chronic headache, developmental delay, hypotonia, and learning disorders or ADHD. Future longitudinal prospective studies might better define the full range of these neurologic disorders and
their clinical response to a gluten-free diet. Pediatrics 2004;113:1672-1676; celiac disease, neurologic disorders, migraine,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hypotonia.
ABBREVIATIONS. CD, celiac disease; ADHD, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.
Although in the past celiac disease (CD) was primarily considered to be a gluten enteropathy, during the past 2 decades, its clinical concept has been expanded, and it is now considered a multisystem autoimmune disorder, 1 with most of the patients being asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or present with extraintestinal manifestations. 2 Among these extraintestinal manifestations, there is a growing body of publications that report neurologic conditions that are associated with CD. 3-12 Although earlier studies reported neurologic complications inpatients with classical gluten enteropathy, some recent studies report neurologic disorders in a symptomatic CD patients. 13,14 Most of thepatients who have CD and were reported as having neurologic manifestations were adults, and these manifestations were usually chronic and "hard," such as epilepsy, 12 cerebellar ataxia, 4,5,13,14 chronic neuropathies, 8,15 myoclonic ataxia, 9 progressive leukoencephalopathy, 7 and dementia. 16
The aim of this study was to screen for neurologic disorders in children and young adults who have CD and presented with either the classical infantile intestinal form or the milder late forms, including some asymptomatic patients. We searched for both hard neurologic conditions mentioned above and more common conditions, such as headache, learning disabilities andattention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental delay, hypotonia, and tic disorders.
METHODS
We recruited from the local pediatric gastroenterology clinic all of the patients who had proven CD and were enrolled in our gastroenterology out patient clinic between 1977 and 2001. Until 1987, our criteria for the diagnosis of CD were based on 3 consecutive intestinal biopsies demonstrating initially mucosal flattening with typical inflammatory changes, mucosal normalization seen with the second biopsy after strict gluten-free diet, and relapse of pathologic changes with gluten challenge. Since 1988, our diagnostic approach for CD has been simplified and was based on the demonstration of immunoglobulin A antiendomysial antibodies and 1 intestinal biopsy showing pathologic changes typical of CD. The diagnosis was confirmed when the antiendomysial antibodies
disappeared on gluten-free diet. 17 All patients (or their caregivers) received a questionnaire with a check list on which they were asked to report on neurologic symptoms or conditions that required medical attention or treatment. Patients with suspected neurologic signs or symptoms underwent a full neurologic evaluation and laboratory examinations, including brain imaging and electroencephalogram if required. We sent a similar questionnaire for a group of non-CD subjects who were matched for age and gender and underwent a neurologic evaluation if required. In both groups, the diagnosis of the neurobehavioral conditions such as ADHD or specific learning disabilities was based on the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 18 and the diagnosis of migraine was based on the revised International Headache Society classification. 19 The study was approved by the local Helsinki Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects (or caregivers).
RESULTS
Patients and Control Subjects
Our population consisted of 322 subjects; 111 patients with CD who answered the questionnaires and agreed to take part in this study and 211 subjects, matched for age and gender, who served as controls. The mean ages of the patients with CD and the control subjects were 20.18.9 years (42.3% male, 57.7% female) and 20.1 9.0 years (40.3% male, 59.7% female), respectively. These
differences were not significant.
Initial Manifestations of CD
Fifty-eight (52.3%) patients presented with the classical infantile features of CD, such as chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, failure to thrive, or abdominal pains. The mean age of diagnosis of the infantile form of CD was 1.8 0.9 years. CD in the other 53 (47.7%) patients was diagnosed later in life, with a mean age at diagnosis of 14.8 8.9 years; 24 (21.6%) had chronic abdominal pain or other gastrointestinal symptoms without history of infantile diarrhea or failure to thrive. In 9 patients in this group, the gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with additional findings such as anemia, short stature, and delayed sexual maturation. Fifteen (13.5%) patients received a diagnosis of CD during their evaluation for short stature.An additional 8 (7.2%) patients had variable manifestations, including isolated anemia (hemoglobin <9 g/dL), chronic fatigue, or irregular menstrual cycles. Six (5.4%) patients were "asymptomatic," and the search for the diagnosis of CD was made when CD was found in other first-degree relatives (Fig 1).
Neurologic Manifestations
Neurologic disorders or findings were found in 57 (51.4%) patients with CD: 22 with a single manifestation, 23 with 2 manifestations, 7 with 3 manifestations, and 5 with 4 manifestations. In contrast, only 42(19.9%) control subjects reported the presence of neurologic disorder:26 with a single manifestation, 12 with 2 manifestations, and 4 with 3 manifestations. None had >3 manifestations. Although patients with the late-onset form of CD were somewhat more prone to develop neurologic disorders than patients with the classical infantile CD (54.7% vs 48.3%), this difference was not statistically significant (P= .5).
Fig 1. Initial manifestations of CD. GI indicates gastrointestinal.
Hypotonia
Hypotonia was recorded from medical files of 16 patients with a history of classical infantile CD. Repeated examinations revealed that with the exception of 3 patients, 1 of whom had Down syndrome, the hypotonia completely resolved after years of a gluten-free diet. Four patients presented with short stature, and 4 patients had chronic abdominal pains, chronic fatigue, or anemia. Two patients in this group who were still found hypotonic had low serum carnitine levels, and with dietary supplements and reinforcement of the gluten-free diet, their symptoms improved. In the control group, 5 subjects were reported as hypotonic only in infancy and early childhood. Three are still hypotonic, with mental retardation (1 with Down syndrome; Fig 2).
Developmental Delay
Infantile symptoms of CD were present in 12 (70.6%) patients in this group, whereas chronic abdominal pain or late-onset gastrointestinal symptoms, anemia, and short stature were the presenting symptoms of CD in 5 patients. All of the patients in this group had additional neurologic disorders. Ten (58.8%) patients had learning disabilitiesand/or ADHD (3 with mental retardation), and 2 were ataxic. Five (29.4%) patients were hypotonic during infancy, and their neurologic impairment resolved with a gluten-free diet. One patient had cerebellar ataxia, and another patient had epilepsy. In both patients, the neurologic problems did not seem to respond to dietary manageme\nt (Fig2).
Epilepsy and Other Seizure Disorders
Four patients with CD had benign febrile seizures during infancy, and 4 had nonfebrile seizures: 1 with benign partial epilepsy, another with a single unprovoked nonfebrile seizure, and 2 others with chronic epilepsy (including 1 patient with intractable epilepsy associated with occipital cerebral calcifications). Three control subjects had benign infantile febrile seizures, and 3 had epilepsy (1 with partial complex seizure and 2 with generalized tonic-clonic seizures; Fig 2).
Fig 2. Neurologic manifestations of patients with CD and control subjects. LD indicates learning disabilities.
Learning Disabilities and ADHD
In contrast to the usual male preponderance in children with these conditions, among patients with CD, male and female patients were almost evenly affected: 13 (20.3%) of 64 female patients and 10 (21.2%) of 47 male patients. Ten patients presented with the classical infantile form of the disease, and 13 presented with late- onset symptoms (including 1 a symptomatic patient). Three patients had mental retardation, and 3 patients had seizures. Among the patients with mental retardation, 1 had Down syndrome associated with moderate mental retardation; 1 had epilepsy with occipital calcification; and another had mild mental retardation and autism, but no specific cause was found. In the control group, male subjects were predominantly affected:11 (12.9%) of 85 versus 11 (8.7%) of 126 among female subjects. Two control subjects had mental retardation, 1 with Down syndrome (Fig 2).
Headache
The female/male ratio was 21:10 in the CD group and 14:3 in the control group. Headache was the most commonly found neurologic disorder in our patients with CD. Twenty (64.5%) patients with headache presented with the late-onset symptoms of CD or were asymptomatic, and 11 (35.5%) patients had the classical early infantile form of CD. In 14 (45.1%) patients, the headache filled the criteria for migraine; in 6 (19.4%) patients, the clinical characteristics of the headache were compatible with tension- psychogenic headache; and 11 (35.5%) patients had nonspecific headache. In 16 patients (9 with migraine, 6 with nonspecific headache), the symptoms resolved or significantly improved with the institution of a gluten-free diet. In the control group, 12 subjects had migraineous headache, 3 subjects had tension headache, and 2 subjects had nonspecific headache (Fig 2).
Cerebellar Ataxia
Six patients were ataxic; 3 with ataxia presented with classical infantile CD and 3 others with late-onset symptoms. No correlation was found between the activity of CD and the ataxia. Two patients had cerebellar atrophy; 2 patients had isolated mild ataxia with normal brain imaging; and 2 patients had mental retardation 1 of whom also had autism. The clinical syndrome consisted of stance and gait ataxia in all patients, limb ataxia in 4 of 6 patients, and nystagmus in 3 of 6patients. In addition, 4 patients were hypotonic and 2 had sensory neuropathy. None of the 211 control subjects had ataxia (Fig 2).
Tic Disorders
One patient had chronic tic disorder. He also had ADHD and short stature, which led to the diagnosis of CD. One control subject had full-blown Tourette syndrome. Four others had milder forms of simple or chronic tics (Fig 2).
DISCUSSION
The present study clearly demonstrates a strong association between CD and various neurologic manifestations. With the exception of tic disorders and marginally epileptic disorders, all of the other neurologic features were significantly more common in patients with CD (P < .01).
Despite the somewhat greater trend of patients with late-onset CD, who had a longer exposure to dietary gluten, to develop neurologic disorders, in most cases we could not show a significant increase in liability to develop such neurologic disorders between patients with infantile-onset gastrointestinal symptoms and patients with the late-onset or asymptomatic CD. This finding differs
from the trend, which has become widely accepted, to regard CD as gluten sensitivity, found in patients with neurologic disorder and atypical or subclinical CD.13-20
Although hypotonia and developmental delay were more characteristic of the classical infantile-onset CD and in these cases were probably caused by nutritional deficits and toxic effects of severe malabsorption, most of the other neurologic manifestations were more evenly distributed between early and late onset of CD. In the late-onset forms, they could be related to prolonged exposure to gluten with its multisystem immunologic and inflammatory effects. Clear cause and effect of a gluten-free diet was demonstrated mainly in cases of infantile hypotonia, associated with the classical early- onset CD. This transient clinical syndrome could be a nonspecific result of chronic disease and poor nutritional condition or caused by specific nutritional deficiencies, such as lowered levels of vitamin E, vitamin B12, or carnitine, which all were previously reported in patients with CD. 21-23 In most of these cases, the hypotonia has been resolved with the improvement of the nutritional status of the patients.
Patients who have CD with migraineous or nonspecific headache were also markedly improved with the institution of a gluten-free diet. Among these patients, only 11 (35.5%) had the classical early infantile enteropathic CD, whereas 20 (64.5%) presented with late- onset symptoms. Hence, it is clear that malabsorption did not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of headache, and one should look for other causes, including inflammatory or immunologic mechanisms. There are only a few reports on the association of CD and headache. Battistella et al 24 reported on 2 young patients with migraine-like headache and cerebral calcifications, 1 of whom had CD. Roche-Herreroet al 25 reported that 39.5%, of the children and adolescents with CD manifested headache. All were on a gluten-free diet. Recently, Gabrielli et al 26 demonstrated that a significant proportion of patients with migraine had subclinical CD and that their symptoms improved with a gluten-free diet.
This is not the case in epileptic disorders or learning disabilities and ADHD. Our epileptic patients were not homogeneous, and strong association with CD probably existed only in the patient with epilepsy and occipital calcifications. In all of the other patients, the presence of epilepsy or seizures could be only an incidental finding. Nevertheless, even in this group, one cannot rule out the possibility that CD with gluten toxicity may have played some role in triggering seizures in susceptible subjects. In this respect, Gobbi et al 12 has shown that seizures in patients with the syndrome of cerebral calcification, epilepsy, and CD responded to therapy only when the gluten-free diet was initiated shortly after the emergence of epilepsy. In contrast, another study reported of an adequate seizure control even when the diagnosis of epilepsy was made after a few years of exposure to gluten. 27
Before this study, the association of ADHD and learning disabilities with CD was not recognized. It is not clear whether accumulative effects of nutritional, immunologic, or inflammatory factors might play some role on learning abilities or attention span in our patients or that the effect is indirect and
relates to nonspecific effects of chronic disease. Kieslich et al 28 reported on the presence of multiple white matter lesions detected by brain magnetic resonance imaging of patients with CD. One cannot rule out that these lesions might also interfere with high cognitive functions, such as in other white matter diseases. 29 In regard to mental retardation, both epilepsy with occipital brain calcifications and Down syndrome were previously reported in CD. 12,30,31 In contrast to these findings, the association between CD and autism is poor and probably does not exist. 32
Cerebellar ataxia has been well recognized in patients with CD, primarily in adults. 4,5,13,14 Two patients in the study group were also adults, who were diagnosed at 23 and 51 years of age. The first reports emphasized the role of vitamin E deficiency in these patients. 33,34 Subsequently, there was a study that reported a patient who had cerebellar syndrome with no evidence of nutritional deficits. 6 During the last decade, there was a general trend to adopt the concept that in many cases, an immunologic mechanism underlies the brain damage, including 1 case in which magnetic resonance imaging studies clearly demonstrated cerebellar (and cerebral) lesions.11 In this context, we suggest that in some patients, chronic immune-mediated inflammation, lymphocytic infiltration, or vasculitis of the central nervous system might cause irreversible neuronal, glial, or axonal damage, with little clinical improvement even after the institution of a gluten-free diet and cessation of the various autoantibodies in the peripheral blood or the cerebrospinal fluid. However, other studies advocated that the presence of gluten sensitivity might contribute to the clinical picture of patients who already have preexisting hereditary ataxias. 35,36
We conclude that the spectrum of neurologic disorders in patients with CD is wider than previously appreciated and includes, in addition to previously known entities such as cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, or neuromuscular diseases, milder and more common problems such as migraine headache and learning disabilities, including ADHD.
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Nathanel Zelnik, MD; Avi Pacht, MD; Raid Obeid, MD; and Aaron Lerner, MD
From the Department of Pediatrics, Carmel Medical Center, The Brace Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-lsrael Institute of Technology,Haifa, Israel.
Received for publication Apr 15, 2003; accepted Aug 7, 2003.
Reprint requests to (N.Z.) Department of Pediatrics, Carmel MedicalCenter, 7 Michal St, Haifa 34362, Israel. E-mail:nzelnik@netvision.net.il
PEDIATRICS (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright 2004 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Copyright American Academy of Pediatrics Jun 2004
Mental Disorders in Adolescents With Celiac Disease Päivi A. Pynnönen, M.D., Erkki T. Isometsä, M.D., Ph.D., Eeva T. Aronen, M.D., Ph.D., Matti A. Verkasalo, M.D., Ph.D., Erkki Savilahti, M.D., Ph.D., and Veikko A. Aalberg, M.D., Ph.D.
Received Aug. 10, 2003; revision received Feb. 15, 2004; accepted March 10, 2004. From the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital; and the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Address reprint requests to Dr. Pynnönen, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 282, 00029 HUCH, Finland; paivi.pynnonen@hus.fi (e-mail).
A high prevalence of depressive symptoms, hypothetically related to serotonergic dysfunction, has been reported among adults with celiac disease. The authors used semistructured psychiatric interviews and symptom measurement scales to study mental disorders in 29 adolescents with celiac disease and 29 matched comparison subjects. Relative to the comparison subjects, the celiac disease patients had significantly higher lifetime prevalences of major depressive disorder (31% versus 7%) and disruptive behavior disorders (28% versus 3%). In most cases these disorders preceded the diagnosis of celiac disease and its treatment with a gluten-free diet. The prevalence of current mental disorders was similar in both groups. Celiac disease in adolescents is associated with an increased prevalence of depressive and disruptive behavioral disorders, particularly in the phase before diet treatment.
